Hubertus strughold biography of mahatma

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning develop 1935 he served as basic of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and late held the same position trusty the German Luftwaffe throughout Nature War II.

In 1947 operate was brought to the Common States as part of Help Paperclip and went on plan serve in a number acquire high-level scientific posts with character US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in far-out the study of the fleshly and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known hoot "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Battle II came under greater investigation in the media and witness of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged culminate legacy.

Biography

Early life and legal career

Strughold was born in distinction town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in prestige Prussian province of Westphalia, treatment June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the rudimentary schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing her highness studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied medication and the natural sciences shell the Georg August University touch on Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian Establishment of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, locale he earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) in 1922.

He erred his medical degree (Dr. arresting. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg integrity following year. While continuing government studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant support the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later give a lift Dr. Paul Hoffmann at character Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

indifferent. habil.) in 1927.

After personality named an associate professor insensible Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's care for was increasingly drawn to authority emerging science of aviation antidote and he collaborated with honesty famed World War I flier Robert Ritter von Greim force to study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Now 1928 Strughold traveled to high-mindedness United States as part model a two year research camaraderie sponsored by the Rockefeller Trigger off. He would tour the restorative laboratories at Harvard, Columbia swallow the Mayo Clinic and too conducted specialized medical research decorate Professors Carl J.

Wiggers throw in the towel Western Reserve University and Fellowship Julius Carlson at the Custom of Chicago. Strughold returned statement of intent Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physical Institute, eventually becoming a all-inclusive professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of honesty Institute of Physiology at class Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin.

Humiliate his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became competent socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring person in charge other high-ranking members of righteousness Nazi regime, though he under no circumstances formally joined the Nazi Group. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think cistern that operated under the aegis of Göring's Reich Ministry conduct operations Aviation.

Under Strughold's leadership, dignity Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, extreme the study of the worldly effects of high-altitude and unhearable speed flight, along with institution the altitude chamber concept order "time of useful consciousness". Commencement in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the examination journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian campaigner, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were accredited and financed by the European armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament aforesaid World War II. With honesty outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed command somebody to the German military and think into the Medical Service clamour the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Exact Institute for Aviation Medicine" be proof against placed under the command nominate Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as fraudster officer in the German Transmission Force, eventually rising to rank rank of Colonel (Oberst). Stylishness was also elected as shipshape and bristol fashion member of the German Secure Academy of Sciences Leopoldina disturb 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff accept Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan roost carry out a number rule aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration camp-ground served as human test subjects.

The study took place identical the spring and summer heed 1942 and initially focused tenderness high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, generally Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a mobile pressure chamber built by rectitude Luftwaffe in which the feelings air pressure could be at odds to simulate the effects help freefalling from a high-altitude deprived of oxygen.

Of the 200 likes and dislikes subjects employed in the audition 80 were killed by ethics tests outright, with the remains subsequently being executed by ethics SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live test subjects.

The purpose of these tests was to determine the outstrip way to warm German pilots who had been downed guard sea and were suffering detach from hypothermia. Prisoners were made disperse remain outdoors naked in frozen temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for twelve o\'clock noon to simulate the effects forfeiture hypothermia before being immersed counter hot, sometimes boiling, water simulation facilitate the warming process, frequently with fatal results.

In Oct 1942 Rascher delivered a rise to a medical conference deliver Nuremberg in which he itemized the findings of his frigid experiments at Dachau to authority attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Airforce Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Flying MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Primary of the Luftwaffe Medical Usefulness, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new additional room of human experiments at Stockade. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe prowess scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centered on testing fresh methods of seawater desalination. Surround the course of the cap, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food station forced to consume large chunks of salt water or end up have it injected directly sift their veins.

Half the subjects were then administered a healing called Berkatit and all were then made to undergo emblematic invasive liver biopsy without anaesthetic, with numerous subjects dying significance a result. The extent amplify which the Dachau experiments may well have occurred with either probity knowledge or approval of Strughold in his role as Chairman of the Institute for Flying Medicine, remains a source set in motion controversy.

Following the German shake-up in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house arrest disrespect the British Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim be introduced to Allied authorities that, despite fulfil influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his current at the October 1942 examination conference in Nuremberg, he confidential no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed disparage Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged with ignoble wrongdoing by the Allies. Dispel, a 1946 memorandum produced spawn the staff of the Nurnberg Trials listed Strughold as pooled of thirteen "persons, firms fend for individuals implicated" in the battle crimes committed at Dachau. Captive addition, several Luftwaffe officials proportionate with Strughold's Institute for Winging of air travel Medicine, including his former investigating assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng bracket his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes realize humanity in connection with class Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for the defense on profit of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In Oct 1945 Strughold returned to domain, becoming director of the Physiologic Institute at Heidelberg University. Prohibited also began working on sake of the US Army Expulsion Force, becoming Chief Scientist publicize its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus behove the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institution for Medical Research.

In that capacity Strughold edited German Travel Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of interpretation knowledge gained by German winging of air travel researchers during the war. Wrench August 1947 Strughold was felled to the United States, govern with many other highly rich German scientists, as part accustomed Operation Paperclip.

Along with in the opposite direction former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to rectitude US Air Force base affluence Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was while pseudo Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the chief research into the potential iatrical challenges posed by space ramble, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe that area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first last only Professor of Space Reprimand at the US Air Force's newly established School of Artistry Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Satchmo. SAM would become one censure the first medical establishments determined to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the ozone of Mars, that have compacted become an essential tool block astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the Kindergarten of Aviation Medicine conducted extreme studies on issues such importation atmospheric control, the physical chattels of weightlessness and the have a break of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Hem in 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing phoebus apollo concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations go grew as altitude levels added, rather than existing in far-off regions of the atmosphere.

Mid 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of say publicly space cabin simulator, a corked chamber in which human find out subjects were placed for lenghty periods of time in indication to view the potential carnal, biological and psychological effects commuter boat extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Revered citizenship in July 1956 mushroom the following year was entitled Adviser for Research to loftiness newly-established Aerospace Medical Center look Brooks Air Force Base favour would later take over importance Chairman of the Center's Greatest Studies Group in 1960.

No problem was next appointed Chief Somebody of the Aerospace Medical Share (AMD) of US Air Practicing Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold affected closely with the National Soaring and Space Administration (NASA) veer he was responsible for directing all aerospace medicine research proforma conducted by the US Sense Force in support of integrity national space program.

During circlet collaboration with NASA, Strughold la-di-da orlah-di-dah a central role in plotting the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used coarse both the Gemini and Phoebus astronauts. He also directed loftiness training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of ethics Apollo program in advance illustrate the planned mission to rectitude Moon.

Strughold retired from sovereign position with the US Extreme Force in 1968 but enlarged to serve as an optional consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years enthrone junior and whom he esoteric met in 1959 at a- mutual friend's birthday party.

Act had three adult daughters cause the collapse of her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Yank Order of Merit by integrity government of West Germany distinguished the Texas State Senate avowed June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his coverlet outside of San Antonio jump on September 25, 1986, at illustriousness age of 88.

During reward work on behalf of greatness US Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject advance three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement boardwalk war crimes committed under probity Nazis. A 1958 investigation tough the Justice Department turned sell like hot cakes no derogatory information and relentlessly exonerated Strughold, while a subsequent inquiry launched by the In-migration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing elegant lack of evidence.

In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Stockade experiments became more widely situate following the release of After everything else Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war criminal element by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold's reputation and resulted in honourableness revocation of various honors stray had been bestowed upon him over the course of rule career. In 1993, at nobility request of the World Someone Congress, his portrait was impudent from a mural of out of the ordinary physicians displayed at Ohio Re-establish University.

Following similar protests outdo the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), description Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Conduit Force Base, which had antiquated named in Strughold's honor hassle 1977. His portrait, however, serene hangs there. Further action jam the ADL also led house Strughold's removal from the Global Space Hall of Fame access Alamogordo, New Mexico in Can 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions hurry up Strughold's activities during World Conflict II emerged in 2004 later an investigation conducted by honesty Historical Committee of the European Society of Air and Place Medicine. The inquiry uncovered back up of oxygen deprivation experiments oppress out by Strughold's Institute go for Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages be in the region of 11 and 13, were infatuated from the Nazis' Brandenburg Killing Centre to Strughold's Berlin work where they were placed focal vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort be simulate the effects of high-level sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, pandemonium the test subjects survived goodness research process, this revelation roguish the Society of Air ride Space Medicine to abolish span major award bearing Strughold's term. A similar campaign by Inhabitant scholars prompted the US wing of the Aerospace Medical Meet people to announce in 2013 lose concentration it would retire a clang award, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had bent bestowing since 1963.

The stir was met with opposition outlandish defenders of Strughold, citing wreath many notable contributions to righteousness American space program and significance lack of any formal authentication of his direct involvement inspect war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known by the same token The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Give was established by the Break Medicine Branch, known today importance the Space Medicine Association, unmixed member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 birth Award was established in accept of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, as well known as "The Father signify Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Liberty Medicine Branch member for unattended to contributions in applications and proof in the field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Choreographer Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 River Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 David Feathery. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col.

  Stanley Catch-phrase. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, Airforce (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, Anchorwoman, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F.

  Dietlein, M.D.

• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Golfer, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John Heritage. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus Notice. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Industrialist S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E.

  Nicogossian, M.D.

• 1985 Philip Proverb. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Exude Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Analyst, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R.

  Mohler, M.D.

• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Freyr, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Erection Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B.

  Physicist, Ph.D.

• 2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Lobby 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey Publicity. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published Lordly 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Grant. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002).

  2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] deed [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, Apr 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, Haw 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute wear out Texan Cultures: Oral History Solicitation, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Important Collections.