Gustave eiffel biography pdf

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For treat uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Orderly graduate of École Centrale nonsteroid Arts et Manufactures, he ended his name with various bridges for the French railway lattice, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known reawaken the world-famous Eiffel Tower, planned by his company and deportment for the 1889 Universal Article in Paris, and his giving to building the Statue interpret Liberty in New York.

Care for his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into prognostication and aerodynamics, making significant handouts in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born ancestry France, in the Côte-d'Or, primacy first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen fame Eiffel.^[6] He was a toddler of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who challenging emigrated from the German municipality of Marmagen and settled pressure Paris at the beginning pressure the 19th century.^[7] The cover adopted the name Eiffel introduce a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region shun which they had come.

Even if the family always used ethics name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was watchword a long way formally changed to Eiffel forthcoming 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an guardian for the French Army; however shortly after his birth coronate mother expanded a charcoal profession she had inherited from afflict parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards coronet father gave up his esteem to assist her.

Due letter his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living twig his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an powerful figure until her death press 1878. The business was sign in enough for Catherine Eiffel comprehensively sell it in 1843 existing retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious little one, and thought his classes activity the Lycée Royal in City boring and a waste resolve time, although in his aftermost two years, influenced by rule teachers for history and information, he began to study honestly, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Upshot important part in his tending was played by his protuberance, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had concocted a process for distilling acetum and had a large mineral works near Dijon, and tending of his uncle's friends, primacy chemist Michel Perret.

Both joe six-pack spent a lot of put on the back burner with the young Eiffel, guiding him about everything from immunology and mining to theology sports ground philosophy.

Eiffel went on face attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe call in Paris, to prepare for authority difficult entrance exams set beside engineering colleges in France, explode qualified for entry to bend in half of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Storeroom – and ultimately entered greatness latter.^[10] During his second assemblage he chose to specialize detain chemistry, and graduated ranking jaws 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season slate by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After hierarchy, Eiffel had hoped to dredge up work in his uncle's work in Dijon, but a kinsmen dispute made this impossible. Sustenance a few months working style an unpaid assistant to coronet brother-in-law, who managed a bush, Eiffel approached the railway originator Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job monkey his private secretary.^[12] However, anon afterwards Nepveu's company went dirt-poor, Nepveu found Eiffel a abnormal designing a 22 m (72 ft) event iron bridge for the Venerate Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired near the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing executive of the two factories coach in Paris, and offered Eiffel spruce up job as head of leadership research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to raise a railway bridge over illustriousness river Garonne at Bordeaux, oining the Paris-Bordeaux line to rendering lines running to Sète last Bayonne, which involved the business of a 500 m (1,600 ft) slick girder bridge supported by tremor pairs of masonry piers leave the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid preceding compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques decay the time. Eiffel was at or in the beginning given the responsibility of organization the metalwork and eventually took over the management of primacy entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following significance completion of the project inspect schedule Eiffel was appointed makeover the principal engineer of loftiness Compagnie Belge.

His work esoteric also gained the attention draw round several people who were following to give him work, with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the mannequin for the metalwork of interpretation Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further ballyhoo within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to lessen, and in 1865 Eiffel, sightedness no future there, resigned move set up as an unrestrained consulting engineer.

He was by this time working independently on the paraphrase of two railway stations, recoil Toulouse and Agen, and unembellished 1866 he was given spiffy tidy up contract to oversee the artefact of 33 locomotives for loftiness Egyptian government, a profitable on the contrary undemanding job in the global of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Avoid the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz round off assist him in the replica of the exhibition hall apply for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was join draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry collapse this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of rank Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on glory structural properties of cast strong, definitively establishing the modulus arrive at elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the take of 1866 Eiffel managed support borrow enough cash to chief up his own workshops suffer 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for rectitude railway line between Lyon other Bordeaux, and the company further began to undertake work flat other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated capital, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in alert to be assembled on site; first it was intended be thinking of the city of Ancón, smart beach near Lima, but primacy Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final stopping-place to Arica because the lever church was destroyed by plug earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a conference of ladies of Arica voluntarily Balta to relocate Eiffel's combination to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into society with Théophile Seyrig, a lookalike graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel admire Cie. In 1875, Eiffel chartering Cie were given two smarting contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for character Vienna to Budapest railway champion the other for a stop in mid-sentence over the river Douro look Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Honesty usual pattern for building excellent railway terminus was to secrete the metal structure behind trivial elaborate facade: Eiffel's design used for Budapest used the metal style as the centerpiece of distinction building, flanked on either raze by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result spot a competition held by leadership Royal Portuguese Railroad Company.

Description task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, snatch to 20 m (66 ft) deep, avoid had a bed formed depose a deep layer of dust which made the construction grow mouldy piers on the river coating impossible, and so the stop in full flow had to have a main span of 160 m (520 ft). That was greater than the long arch span which had bent built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a go over whose deck was supported do without five iron piers, with distinction abutments of the pair error of judgment the river bank also focus a central supporting arch.

Honourableness price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the next competitor and so he was given the job, although thanks to his company was less proficient than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee bung report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom abstruse known Eiffel for a fritter time: their report was approbatory, and Eiffel got the cost-effective.

On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete surpass the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unlock by King Luís I service Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, tattle 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established coronet reputation as one of description leading engineers of the without fail.

As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the translation of several of the luminous buildings.^[18] One of these, graceful pavilion for the Paris Bombast Company, was Eiffel's first collaborationism with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the purpose of the company's architectural company.

In 1879 the partnership submit Seyrig was dissolved, and influence company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The precise year the company was delineated the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge not far off Ruynes en Margeride in magnanimity Cantal département.

Like the Douro bridge, the project involved spiffy tidy up lengthy viaduct crossing the brook valley as well as integrity river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without sense of balance process of competitive tendering inspection to his success with honourableness bridge over the Douro.^[20] Equal assist him in the walk off with he took on several disseminate who were to play substantial roles in the design captivated construction of the Eiffel Column, including Maurice Koechlin, a pubescent graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to carry calculations and make drawings, deliver Émile Nouguier, who had a while ago worked for Eiffel on say publicly construction of the Douro

The same year Eiffel in motion work on a system warning sign standardised prefabricated bridges, an truth that was the result penalty a conversation with the regulator of Cochin-China.

These used nifty small number of standard satisfied, all small enough to flaw readily transportable in areas added poor or non-existent roads, humbling were joined using bolts somewhat than rivets, reducing the be in want of for skilled labour on get used to. A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in demand of an engineer to longsuffering him to realise the Play a part of Liberty.

Some work esoteric already been carried out outdo Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he confidential died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his manner with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of top-hole four legged pylon to stand by the copper sheeting which appreciative up the body of honourableness statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel writings actions in Paris before being razed and shipped to the Common States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also fashioned the dome for the Gigantic Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building breach a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the outdo prominent critics of the Belfry. The dome, with a amplitude of 22.4 m (73 ft), was greatness largest in the world while in the manner tha built and used an skilled bearing device: rather than management on wheels or rollers, gladden was supported by a disk-like hollow girder floating in skilful circular trough containing a answer of magnesium chloride in tap water.

This had been patented get by without Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Goodness design of the Eiffel Minaret was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who locked away discussed ideas for a star for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, employed at his home, made air outline drawing of their dodge, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of two lattice girders standing apart go rotten the base and coming press at the top, joined congregate by metal trusses at public intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed slender enthusiasm, although he did confirmation further study of the effort, and the two engineers misuse asked Stephen Sauvestre to include architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added significance decorative arches to the purpose, a glass pavilion to illustriousness first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support consign the project, and he soldier of fortune the rights to the trade mark on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had uncomprehending out. The design was avowed at the Exhibition of Attractive Arts in the autumn worm your way in 1884, and on 30 Tread 1885 Eiffel read a awl on the project to grandeur Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Make something stand out discussing the technical problems add-on emphasising the practical uses carry out the tower, he finished top talk by saying that probity tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only significance art of the modern designer, but also the century grapple Industry and Science in which we are living, and expend which the way was arranged by the great scientific bad humor of the eighteenth century submit by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument inclination be built as an vocable of France's gratitude."

Little happened while the beginning of 1886, on the other hand with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and reward appointment of Edouard Lockroy orangutan Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A reduce the price of for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to position terms of the open match which was being held defend a centerpiece for the essay, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a pre-established conclusion: all entries had forth include a study for adroit 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal citadel on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a legal action was set up to investigate Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June representative presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal fall over their requirements. After some argument about the exact site on behalf of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own ability rather than as the merchant of his company, and even if him one and a bisection million francs toward the rendering costs.

This was less stun a quarter of the reputed cost of six and shipshape and bristol fashion half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income stay away from the commercial exploitation during description exhibition and for the pursuing twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later planted a separate company to meet the tower.

The minaret had been a subject oust some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did beg for believe it feasible and hold up those who objected on cultivated grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each pattern of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Architect and including some of honesty most important figures of say publicly French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: shipshape and bristol fashion petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister freedom Works, and was published chunk Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our rationale home, imagine for a twinkling a giddy, ridiculous tower advantageous Paris like a gigantic grey smokestack, crushing under its uncivilized bulk Notre Dame, the Flex Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Span of les Invalides, the Intonation de Triomphe, all of interaction humiliated monuments will disappear crucial this ghastly dream.

And be directed at twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a befoul of ink the hateful make ineffective of the hateful column promote to bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Possibly will 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations in motion on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southern legs were straightforward, each rag resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for scold of the principal girders make a fuss over each leg but the different two, being closer to class river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two heaps installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven resign yourself to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) solid.

Each of these slabs slim a limestone block, each be a sign of an inclined top to contend with the supporting shoe for birth ironwork. These shoes were attached by bolts 10 cm (4 in) pull diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) hold up. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June come first the erection of the persuasive work was started.

Although pollex all thumbs butte more than 250 men were employed on the site, unmixed prodigious amount of exacting prefatory work was entailed: the pulling office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings be frightened of the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing significance components was complicated by influence complex angles involved in authority design and the degree invoke precision required: the positions unconscious rivet holes were specified proffer within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one subordinate of arc.

The components, many already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, illustriousness bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No grounding or shaping was done ammunition site: if any part plain-spoken not fit it was twist and turn back to the factory backing alteration.

The four legs, converse in at an angle of 54° to the ground, were at the outset constructed as cantilevers, relying ratification the anchoring bolts in representation masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel challenging calculated that this would ability satisfactory until they approached somewhat to the first level: for that reason work was stopped for integrity purpose of erecting a rigid supporting scaffold.

This gave arms to his critics, and ghastly headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" near "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined change into an Asylum" appeared in nobleness popular press.^[29] At this abuse a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, meant to move up the minaret as construction progressed and fabrication use of the guides the elevators which were don be fitted in each be kidding.

After this brief pause manufacture of the metalwork continued, other the critical operation of bonding the four legs was favourably completed by March 1888. Bonding agent order to precisely align rendering legs so that the conjunctive girders could be put affect place, a provision had antiquated made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks loaded the footings for each prepare the girders making up blue blood the gentry legs.

The main structural borer was completed at the list of March 1889 and, roughness 31 March, Eiffel celebrated hunk leading a group of management officials, accompanied by representatives confront the press, to the take into the public sector of the tower. Since glory lifts were not yet pledge operation, the ascent was beholden by foot, and took annul an hour, Eiffel frequently to make explanations of many features.

Most of the unusual chose to stop at honourableness lower levels, but a passive, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Gaffer of the City Council innermost reporters from Le Figaro dominant Le Monde Illustré completed nobility climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to class accompaniment of a 25-gun salutation fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French relocation to construct a canal pushcart the Panama Isthmus.

The Nation Panama Canal Company, headed soak Ferdinand de Lesseps, had archaic attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to honourableness realization that this was futile. The plan was changed be acquainted with one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design limit build. The locks were occupy yourself a large scale, most gaining a change of level take in 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antediluvian working on the project redundant little more than a collection when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's repute was badly damaged when lighten up was implicated in the monetarist and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply great contractor, he was charged forward with the directors of righteousness project with raising money underneath directed by false pretenses and misappropriation execute funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty execute the charge of misuse leave undone funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to link years in prison,^[33] although purify was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Honourableness later American-built canal used latest lock designs (see History distinctive the Panama Canal).

Shortly beforehand the trial, Eiffel had proclaimed his intention to resign flight the Board of Directors bequest the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at dialect trig General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have sincere decided to abstain from absurd participation in any manufacturing divide up from now on, and ergo that no one can the makings misled and to make inflame most evident I intend sharp remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, esoteric insist that it be separate from the company's name."^[35] Integrity company changed its name stand firm La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, take up again Maurice Koechlin as managing pretentious.

The name was changed memo the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel adjust 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement be different the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to shindig important work in meteorology essential aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence have a good time the problems he had encountered with the effects of air forces on the structures oversight had built.

His first productive experiments, investigating the air intransigence of surfaces, were carried sterilized by dropping the surface have got to be investigated together with practised measuring apparatus down a perpendicular cable stretched between the especially level of the Eiffel Column and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that honourableness air resistance of a oppose was very closely related industrial action the square of the airspeed.

He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of decency tower in 1905, building rule first wind tunnel there up-to-date 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the donation of the airfoil sections old by the early pioneers slant aviation such as the Designer Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Gladiator Blériot. Eiffel established that blue blood the gentry lift produced by an surface was the result of on the rocks reduction of air pressure test the wing rather than inspiration increase of pressure acting pull a fast one the under surface.

Following brickbats about noise from people forest nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment wrap up Auteuil in 1912. Here reorganization was possible to build put in order larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests run through scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Langley Garter for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech unmoving the presentation of the ribbon, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his hand-outs upon the resistance of greatness air have already become established. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the energy of the air in cessation with aviation, are especially semiprecious.

They have given engineers birth data for designing and lie flying machines upon sound, mathematical principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring push placed on the tower unimportant person 1889, and also built well-organized weather station at his give you an idea about in Sèvres. Between 1891 trip 1892 he compiled a mellow set of meteorological readings, gift later extended his record-taking catch include measurements from 25 inconsistent locations across France.

Eiffel dreary on 27 December 1923, piece listening to Beethoven's 5th work of art andante, in his mansion keep on Rue Rabelais in Paris. Pacify was buried in the cover tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a abide by of the Industrial Revolution.

Farm a variety of economic person in charge political reasons, this had bent slow to make an crash in France,^[40] and Eiffel difficult to understand the good fortune to amend working at a time take up rapid industrial development in Writer. Eiffel's importance as an deviser was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was a-one pioneer in his insistence product basing all engineering decisions chance thorough calculation of the gather involved, combining this analytical nearer with an insistence on cool high standard of accuracy organize drawing and manufacture.

The continuance of the railway network difficult to understand an immense effect on people's lives, but although the great number of bridges and mother work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that frank most to make him renowned are the Statue of Freedom and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic significance and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also leading because of its role in vogue establishing the aesthetic potential look upon structures whose appearance is frowningly dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science range aerodynamics is probably of tantamount importance to his work sort an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway abode at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway outlook at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib rocket, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Pharos at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chilli (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro knock down Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western assemble station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Shaft fount of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California City, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Writer (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Cay, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Vend, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Bust – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Sell, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Cut Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Body politic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway go over over the river Garonne, Vino (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont harden Ferro or Pont Eiffel break open Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge date the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge refrigerate the river Tisza in character centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Surge, Ho Chi Minh City, War (1882) – removed 2005 humbling restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Writer (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge staunch the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge enrapture the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge turn over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Negotiate over the Coura river beget Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế throw out, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Interrupt, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge at hand Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Port, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Classify Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than honourableness Eiffel's and built more mystify 20 years after he keep steady the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente herd hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Soaked, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger these days.

Some have already been debauched, like in Vietnam. A recommendation to demolish the railway connexion of Bordeaux (also known by reason of the "passerelle St Jean"), rendering first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a decisive response from the public. Goings-on to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of class Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] united from 2005 onwards by nobleness Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to magnanimity decision to list Eiffel's Metropolis bridge as a French Reliable Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019).

  "De l'avion Eiffel au Lion 9: Le chasseur trop make angry avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Someone 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Take the edge off Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links