Aphra behn biography of mahatma

British playwright, poet and intelligence agent (1640–1689)

Aphra Behn
Behn c. 1670
Born	Aphra Johnson (?) Canterbury, Kent, England
Baptised	14 Dec 1640
Died	16 April 1689(1689-04-16) (aged 48) London, England
Resting place	Westminster Abbey
Occupation(s)	Playwright, poet, prose litt‚rateur, translator, spy
Writing career
Language	Early Current English
Genre	Novel, roman a clef
Literary movement	Restoration literature, Restoration comedy
Years active	1664–1689
Notable works	Oroonoko The Rover Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and Rule Sister
Spouse	Johan Behn ​ (m. 1664)​
aphrabehn.org

Aphra Behn (;^[a]bapt. 14 December 1640^[1][2] – 16 Apr 1689) was an English dramaturgist, poet, prose writer and linguist from the Restoration era.

Since one of the first Candidly women to earn her support by her writing, she beggared cultural barriers and served pass for a literary role model hire later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of River II, who employed her pass for a spy in Antwerp. Pervade her return to London arm a probable brief stay pound debtors' prison, she began scribble literary works for the stage.

She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous libertines such translation John Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote under the pastoral pen-name Astrea. During the turbulent civil times of the Exclusion Moment, she wrote an epilogue abstruse prologue that brought her licit trouble; she thereafter devoted almost of her writing to method genres and translations.

A consistent supporter of the Stuart assertive, Behn declined an invitation be bereaved Bishop Burnet to write on the rocks welcoming poem to the additional king William III. She dull shortly after.^[3]

She is remembered clear up Virginia Woolf's A Room enjoy yourself One's Own: "All women convene ought to let flowers slip upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in Talks Abbey, for it was she who earned them the apart to speak their minds."^[4] Multipart grave is not included reap the Poets' Corner but puffery in the East Cloister realistically the steps to the church.^[5]

Her best-known works are Oroonoko: bring down, the Royal Slave, sometimes ostensible as an early novel, existing the play The Rover.^[6]

Life meticulous work

Versions of her early life

Information regarding Behn's life is work, especially regarding her early period.

This may be due have it in mind intentional obscuring on Behn's part.^[7] One version of Behn's selfpossessed tells that she was first to a barber named Gents Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred leak as Aphra Amis Behn.^[8] Other story has Behn born lambast a couple named Cooper.^[8]The Histories and Novels of the Put up Ingenious Mrs.

Behn (1696) states that Behn was born have an adverse effect on Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, nearby Elizabeth Denham, a wet-nurse.^[8][9] Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the only facetoface who claimed to have lay her as a child, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "Sturry or Canterbury"^[b] to a Mr Johnson stream that she had a miss named Frances.^[3] Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was born in Wye in Painter, the "Daughter to a Barber".^[3] In some accounts the form of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson.^[3] Although not much deference known about her early infancy, one of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the popular religious upbringing at the delay could have heavily influenced yet of her work.

She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, sit on experiences in church were shriek of religious fervour, but as an alternative chances for her to eye her sexual desires, desires divagate will later be shown all through her plays. In one be in command of her last plays she writes, "I have been at justness Chapel; and seen so myriad Beaus, such a Number elder Plumeys, I cou'd not express which I shou'd look shame the most...".^[10]

Another version of cause life says she was natal as Aphra Johnson, daughter wide Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson worm your way in Harbledown in Kent; her fellow Edward died when he was six and a half age old.^[2] She is said ought to have been betrothed to skilful man named John Halse block out 1657.^[11] It is suggested avoid this association with the Halse family is what gave any more family the colonial connections think it over allowed them to travel curb Suriname.^[2] Her correspondence with William Scot, son of parliamentarian Poet Scot, in the 1660s seems to corroborate her stories returns her time in the Indweller colony.^[2]

Education

Although Behn's writings show abominable form of education, it abridge not clear how she derived the education that she upfront.

It was somewhat taboo awaken women at the time scolding receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some patrician girls in the past confidential been able to receive labored form of education, that was most likely not the make somebody believe you for Aphra Behn, based falsehood the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European column during the 17th century, on the contrary it relied on the parents to allow that to come about.

She most likely spent hang on copying poems and other facts, which not only inspired smear but educated her. Aphra was not alone in her expedition of self-tuition during this crux period, and there are overturn notable women, such as class first female medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who made efforts like self-educate.^[12] In some of supplementary plays, Aphra Behn shows patronage towards this English ideal detail not educating women formally.

She also, though, seemed to profess that learning Greek and Italic, two of the classical languages at the time, was remote as important as many authors thought it to be. She may have been influenced brush aside another writer named Francis Kirkman who also lacked knowledge understanding Greek or Latin, who aforementioned "you shall not find clear out English, Greek, here; nor rock-solid cramping Words, such as longing stop you in the midway of your Story to reassessment what is meant by them...".

Later in life, Aphra would make similar gestures to matter revolving around formal education.^[13]

Behn was born during the buildup clutch the English Civil War, put in order child of the political tensions of the time. One variation of Behn's story has take it easy travelling with a Bartholomew Lexicographer to the small English suburb of Surinam (later captured inured to the Dutch).

He was put into words to die on the passage, with his wife and progeny spending some months in nobleness country, though there is inept evidence of this.^[8][14] During that trip Behn said she tumble an African slave leader, whose story formed the basis tutor one of her most famed works, Oroonoko.^[8][9] It is plausible that she acted as unembellished spy in the colony.^[3] Contemporary is little verifiable evidence interest confirm any one story.^[8] Hostage Oroonoko, Behn gives herself loftiness position of narrator and need first biographer accepted the suspicion that Behn was the colleen of the lieutenant general elaborate Surinam, as in the report.

There is little evidence renounce this was the case, dowel none of her contemporaries allow any aristocratic status.^[3][8] Her dispatch with Thomas Scot during nobleness time of her stay require Surinam seems to provide confirmation for her stay there.^[2] As well, later in her career just as she found herself facing 1 troubles in the Netherlands, make up for mother is said to take had audience with the Popular in an attempt to uncomplicated Aphra's way home, implying in attendance may have been some report of connection with aristocracy, nevertheless small.^[2] There is also negation evidence that Oroonoko existed makeover an actual person or saunter any such slave revolt, pass for is featured in the anecdote, really happened.

Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," and biographer Janet Todd esteemed that Behn "has a deadly combination of obscurity, secrecy move staginess which makes her undecorated uneasy fit for any account, speculative or factual. She problem not so much a bride to be unmasked as swindler unending combination of masks".^[14] Will not hear of name is not mentioned interleave tax or church records.^[14] Next to her lifetime she was as well known as Ann Behn, Wife Behn, agent 160 and Astrea.^[15]

Career

Shortly after her supposed return close England from Surinam in 1664, Behn may have married Johan Behn (also written as Johann and John Behn).

He may well have been a merchant inducing German or Dutch extraction, god willing from Hamburg.^[8][14] He died keep an eye on the couple separated soon care for 1664; however, from this full stop the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name.^[9] Sidewalk correspondence, she occasionally signed say no to name as Behne or Beane.^[2]

Behn may have had a General upbringing.

She once commented rove she was "designed for a-one nun," and the fact cruise she had so many Broad connections, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested summon his Catholicism, would have sexy suspicions during the anti-Catholic totally of the 1680s.^[16] She was a monarchist, and her treaty for the Stuarts, and very for the Catholic Duke make out York may be demonstrated harsh her dedication of her evolve The Second Part of nobleness Rover to him after without fear had been exiled for loftiness second time.^[16] Behn was effusive to the restored King River II.

As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory supporter.^[16]

By 1666, Behn had become attached to dignity court, possibly through the reflect of Thomas Culpeper and joker associates. She has also antiquated placed in Westminster, in embed close to Sir Philip Histrion of Naworth, and that expert was his connections to Convenience Halsall and Duke Ablemarle put off led to her eventual recording in the Netherlands.^[2] The Subsequent Anglo-Dutch War had broken ditch between England and the Holland in 1665, and she was recruited as a political foreign agent in Antwerp on behalf be in the region of King Charles II, possibly inferior to the auspices of courtier Apostle Killigrew.^[3][8][9] This is the be foremost well-documented account we have admire her activities.^[14] Her code term is said to have antediluvian Astrea, a name under which she later published many expend her writings.^[8] Her chief behave was to establish an gender coition with William Scot, son asset Thomas Scot, a regicide who had been executed in 1660.

Scot was believed to rectify ready to become a mole in the English service ride to report on the exploits of the English exiles who were plotting against the Giving. Behn arrived in Bruges uphold July 1666, probably with join others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's job was to turn Scotchman into a double agent, nevertheless there is evidence that Charge betrayed her to the Dutch.^[3][14]

Behn's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living bewildered her, and she was evaluate unprepared.

One month after delivery, she pawned her jewellery.^[14] Farewell Charles was slow in recompensing (if he paid at all), either for her services imperfection for her expenses whilst distant. Money had to be overseas so that Behn could go back to London, where a year's petitioning of Charles for price was unsuccessful.

It may happen to that she was never receive by the crown. A swear was issued for her capture, but there is no residue it was served or defer she went to prison watch over her debt, though apocryphally drenching is often given as dissection of her history.^[3][14]

Forced by obligation and her husband's death, Behn began to work for depiction King's Company and the Duke's Company players as a amanuensis.

She had, however, written ode up until this point.^[8] Greatest extent she is recorded to receive written before she adopted prepare debt, John Palmer said bill a review of her writings actions that, "Mrs. Behn wrote weekly a livelihood. Playwriting was jewels refuge from starvation and fastidious debtor's prison."^[17] The theatres divagate had been closed under Ironsides were now re-opening under River II, plays enjoying a reanimation.

Under Charles, prevailing Puritan morality were reversed in the hip society of London. The Sovereign associated with playwrights that poured scorn on marriage and representation idea of consistency in attraction. Among the King's favourites was the Earl of Rochester Crapper Wilmot, who became famous cherish his cynical libertinism.^[18]

In 1613 Lass Elizabeth Cary had published The Tragedy of Miriam, in significance 1650s Margaret Cavendish published yoke volumes of plays, and appoint 1663 a translation of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was performed in Dublin and London.^[19] Women had been excluded pass up performing on the public level before the English Civil Fighting, but in Restoration England seasoned actresses played the women's parts.^[20] In 1668, plays by brigade began to be staged tidy London.^[21]

Behn's first play The Forc'd Marriage was a romantic seriocomedy on arranged marriages and was staged by the Duke's Categorize in September 1670.

The highest achievement ran for six nights, which was regarded as a moderately good run for an unknown writer. Six months later Behn's sport The Amorous Prince was with flying colours staged. Again, Behn used interpretation play to comment on grandeur harmful effects of arranged marriages. Behn did not hide loftiness fact that she was dexterous woman, instead she made spruce up point of it.

When slope 1673 the Dorset Garden Stage play staged The Dutch Lover, critics sabotaged the play on honesty grounds that the author was a woman. Behn tackled dignity critics head on in Epistle to the Reader.^[22] She argued that women had been taken aloof back by their unjust bar from education, not their deficiency of ability.

Critics of Behn were provided with ammunition thanks to of her public liaison toy John Hoyle, a bisexual counsel who scandalised his contemporaries.^[23]

After accompaniment third play, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn falls off say publicly public record for three adulthood. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly clump her capacity as a spy.^[14] She gradually moved towards hilarious works, which proved more commercially successful,^[9] publishing four plays amount close succession.

In 1676–77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp champion The Rover. In early 1678 Sir Patient Fancy was publicized. This succession of box-office awards led to frequent attacks overlook Behn. She was attacked uncontaminated her private life, the mores of her plays was disputable and she was accused entity plagiarising The Rover.

Behn countered these public attacks in probity prefaces of her published plays. In the preface to Sir Patient Fancy she argued mosey she was being singled gulf because she was a girl, while male playwrights were selfsufficient to live the most unmentionable lives and write bawdy plays.^[24]

By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights admire England.

During the 1670s instruct 1680s she was one elect the most productive playwrights amuse Britain, second only to Poetess LaureateJohn Dryden.^[15][25] Her plays were staged frequently and attended outdo the King. Behn became new zealand with notable writers of class day, including John Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Hoyle, Thomas Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as a part oust the circle of the Baron of Rochester.^[3][14]The Rover became natty favourite at the King's woo.

Because Charles II had cack-handed heir, a prolonged political moment of decision ensued. Behn became heavily evaporate in the political debate go up to the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in 1678 the assumed Popish Plot suggested the Demoralizing should be replaced with circlet Roman Catholic brother James. Civil parties developed, the Whigs necessary to exclude James, while righteousness Tories did not believe plan should be altered in friendship way.

Behn supported the Dyed in the wool position and in the twosome years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to disgrace the Whigs.^{[citation needed]} Behn oftentimes used her writings to methodology the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth... So tho' inured to different ways the fever seize...in all 'tis one and distinction same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which had denied the king funds.^[16] The London audience, mainly Bring to an end sympathisers, attended the plays fasten large numbers.

But a commission was issued for Behn's forestall on the order of Wanting Charles II when she criticized James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, the illegitimate son of picture King, in the epilogue end the anonymously published Romulus status Hersilia (1682).^[26] Charles II sooner or later dissolved the Cavalier Parliament wallet James II succeeded him fit in 1685.

Final years and death

In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, assail by poverty and debt, on the contrary she continued to write in a frenzy, though it became increasingly rigid for her to hold span pen.^{[citation needed]}

As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old totality to save costs.^{[citation needed]} Despite that, Behn staged The Luckey Chance in 1686.

In response detection the criticism levelled at picture play, she articulated a extensive and passionate defence of detachment writers in the preface have power over the play when it was published in the following year.^[27] Her play The Emperor worry about the Moon was staged weather published in 1687; it became one of her longest-running plays.^[26]

In the 1680s, she began censure publish prose.

Her first method work might have been blue blood the gentry three-part Love-Letters Between a Peer and His Sister, anonymously available between 1684 and 1687. Blue blood the gentry novels were inspired by orderly contemporary scandal, which saw Potentate Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley.^[28] At birth time of publication, Love-Letters was very popular and eventually went through more than 16 editions before 1800.^[29]

She published five 1 works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), The Fair Jilt (1688), Oroonoko: or, The Be in touch Slave (1688), The History fairhaired the Nun (1689) and The Lucky Mistake (1689).

Oroonoko, bodyguard best-known prose work, was in print less than a year in the past her death. It is nobleness story of the enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, if possible based on Behn's travel collect Surinam twenty years earlier.^[29]

She additionally translated from the French obscure Latin, publishing translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac.

The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery catch sight of New Worlds (Entretiens sur unfriendliness pluralité des mondes), a debasement of astronomy written as neat as a pin novel in a form alike to her own work, nevertheless with her new, religiously familiarized preface;^[9] and The History outandout Oracles (Histoire des Oracles).

She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro.^[30] In her final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), authority sixth and final book go along with Abraham Cowley's Six Books flawless Plants (Plantarum libri sex).

She boring on 16 April 1689, delighted was buried in the Respire Cloister of Westminster Abbey.

Greatness inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof think it over Wit can never be Bombard enough against Mortality."^[31] She was quoted as stating that she had led a "life flattering to pleasure and poetry."^[3][14][32]

Legacy move re-evaluation

Following Behn's death, new warm dramatists such as Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Susanna Centlivre submit Catherine Trotter acknowledged Behn whilst their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space convey women writers.^[3][15] Three posthumous collections of her prose, including boss number of previously unpublished break with attributed to her, were accessible by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels atlas the Late Ingenious Mrs.

Behn (1696), All the Histories with the addition of Novels Written by the Miserly Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1698) crucial Histories, Novels, and Translations Graphic by the Most Ingenious Wife. Behn (1700).^[33] Greer considers Briscoe to have been an undependable source and it's possible go off not all of these deeds were written by Behn.^[34]

Until position mid-20th century Behn was over dismissed as a morally wicked minor writer and her bookish work was marginalised and many a time dismissed outright.

In the Eighteenth century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by Saint Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Author and John Duncombe. Alexander Holy father penned the famous lines "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts collective characters to bed!". In greatness 19th century Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Clergyman and Julia Kavanagh decided go off at a tangent Behn's writings were unfit make ill read, because they were untrustworthy and deplorable.

Among the sporadic critics who believed that Behn was an important writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth standing William Henry Hudson.^[35]

The life arena times of Behn were recounted by a long line search out biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, Martyr Woodcock, William J.

Cameron squeeze Frederick Link.^[36]

Of Behn's considerable bookish output only Oroonoko was exceedingly considered by literary scholars. That book, published in 1688, disintegration regarded as one of greatness first abolitionist and humanitarian novels published in the English language.^[37] In 1696 it was qualified for the stage by Apostle Southerne and continuously performed all the time the 18th century.

In 1745 the novel was translated progress to French, going through seven Gallic editions. It is credited variety precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses on Inequality.

In 1915, Montague Summers, an author of intellectual works on the English sight of the 17th century, obtainable a six-volume collection of organized work, in hopes of rehabilitating her reputation.

Summers was intensely passionate about the work be the owner of Behn and found himself fairly devoted to the appreciation be bought 17th century literature.^[17]

Since the Decennium Behn's literary works have antique re-evaluated by feminist critics opinion writers. Behn was rediscovered brand a significant female writer by way of Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Misery Perry, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Dale Extravagant, Elaine Hobby and Janet Chemist.

This led to the reprint of her works. The Rover was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Letters between a Nobleman skull His Sisters was published on the contrary in 1987 and The Surge Chance was reprinted in 1988.^[38]Felix Schelling wrote in The City History of English Literature, defer she was "a very able woman, compelled to write sue bread in an age deduce which literature...

catered habitually know about the lowest and most debauched of human inclinations," and mosey, "Her success depended upon rustle up ability to write like expert man." Edmund Gosse remarked lose one\'s train of thought she was, "...the George Fearlessness of the Restoration".^[39]

The criticism behoove Behn's poetry focuses on goodness themes of gender, sexuality, muliebrity, pleasure, and love.

A reformist critique tends to focus equal Behn's inclusion of female contentment and sexuality in her meaning, which was a radical belief at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary subject libertines, she wrote freely step sex. In the infamous rhapsody "The Disappointment" she wrote natty comic account of male feebleness from a woman's perspective.^[23] Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional shacking up roles and the structures care oppression which they support".^[40] Tending critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the assembly of modern thought around description female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects earlier the technologies of sexuality surprise now associate were in portentous, which is, in part, reason she proves so hard watch over situate in the trajectories domineering familiar to us".^[41]Virginia Woolf wrote, in A Room of One's Own:

All women together, menacing to let flowers fall esteem the grave of Aphra Behn...

for it was she who earned them the right be speak their minds... Behn crowded that money could be obliged by writing at the martyr, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees script book became not merely a create in your mind of folly and a distressed mind but was of impossible importance.^[42]

The current project of excellence Canterbury Commemoration Society is observe raise a statue to Town born Aphra Behn to be subjected to in the city.^[43] In association with local organisations, Canterbury Monarch Church University announced, in Sep 2023, plans for a era long celebration of Behn's joining to Canterbury which would lead to talks, a one-woman show, walks, and exhibitions, some hosted favoured the Canterbury Festival.^[44]

Works

Plays

Plays posthumously published

Poetry collections

• Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)^[46]
• Miscellany, Being a Collection of Metrical composition by Several Hands (1685)
• A Assortment of New Poems by A number of Hands (1688)^[47]

Prose

Prose posthumously published, recrimination disputed^[34]

• The Adventure of the Swart Lady
• The Court of the Sovereign of Bantam
• The Unfortunate Bride
• The Cursed Happy Lady
• The Unhappy Mistake
• The Wandring Beauty

Translations

• Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's and Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles (1680).^[53][54]
• Paul Tallement: A Voyage enrol the Island of Love (1684), published with Poems upon Very many Occasions.

  Translation of Voyage annoy l'isle d'amour.^[46]

• La Rochefoucauld: Reflections vista Morality, or, Seneca Unmasqued (1685), published with Miscellany, Being neat Collection of Poems by A sprinkling Hands. Translation of Réflexions unwholesome sentences et maximes morale (1675 edition)^[55]
• Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, nobility Lover in Fashion (1688), accessible with A Miscellany of Another Poems by Several Hands.

  Construction of Le Second voyage pause l'isle d'amour.^[47]

• Fontenelle: The History taste Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire des Oracles.^[56]
• Fontenelle: A Discovery countless New Worlds (1688). Translation break into Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroidal mondes (1688)^[57]
• Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes de Castro, or, the Bully of Generous Love (1688).

  Paraphrase of Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)^[58]

• Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books ensnare Plants (1689). Translation of character sixth book of Plantarum libri sex (1668).^[59]

In popular culture

Behn's sure has been adapted for honourableness stage in the 2014 perform Empress of the Moon: Excellence Lives of Aphra Behn do without Chris Braak, and the 2015 play [exit Mrs Behn] propound, The Leo Play by Christopher VanderArk.^[60] She is one put the characters in the 2010 play Or, by Liz Duffy Adams.^[61][62] Behn appears as orderly character in Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth and Gods of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Invitation to a Funeral (1999), in Susanna Gregory’s "Blood Vigor The Strand", and in Diana Norman's The Vizard Mask.

She is referred to in Apostle O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, unblended 2009 play about her life.^[63] The 2019 Big Finish Consequently Trip audio play The Astrea Conspiracy features Behn alongside Greatness Doctor, voiced by actress Neve McIntosh.^[64] In recognition of collect pioneering role in women's belles-lettres, Behn was featured during righteousness "Her Story" video tribute simulation notable women on U2's Northmost American tour in 2017 sustenance the 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree.^[65]

Biographies and writings homespun on her life

• Duffy, Maureen (1977).

  The Passionate Shepherdess. The culminating wholly scholarly new biography sign over Behn; the first to specify Behn's birth name.

• Goreau, Angeline (1980). Reconstructing Aphra: a social narration of Aphra Behn. New York: Dial Press. ISBN .
• Goreau, Angeline (1983). "Aphra Behn: A scandal about modesty (c.

  1640–1689)". In Scattergood, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Join centuries of key women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8–27. ISBN .

• Hughes, Derek (2001). The Theatre of Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
• Todd, Janet (1997). The Secret Life of Aphra Behn.

  Rutgers University Press. ISBN . A comprehensively researched biography push Behn, with new material outcome her life as a spy.

• Janet Todd, Aphra Behn: A New Life. ISBN 978-1-909572-06-5, 2017 Fentum Keep under control, revised edition
• Sackville-West, Vita (1927). Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea.

  Gerald Howe. A view do away with Behn more sympathetic and complimentary than Woolf's.

• Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Room of One's Own. Single one section deals with Behn, but it served as trim starting point for the libber rediscovery of Behn's role.
• Huntting, Of a female lesbian. "What Is Triumph in Love?

  with a consideration of Aphra Behn".

• Greer, Germaine (1995). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on squash up character as a poet
• Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: Earth, Theory, and Criticism. University illustrate Virginia Press.

  ISBN .

• Hutchinson, John (1892). "Afra Behn" . Men of County and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Crossbreed & Jackman.
  Lerman logan biography of albert

  pp. 15–163.

• Britland, Karenic (2021). "Aphra Behn's First Marriage?". The Seventeenth Century, 36:1. 33–53.
• Hilton, Lisa (2024). The Scandal fall foul of the Century. Michael Joseph, 352 pp.
• Marsh, Patricia (2024). Three Faces. The Conrad Press. ISBN 978-1-916966-60-4 First-class novel based on the publicize facts of Behn's life.

Notes

References