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Ynes enriqueta julietta mexia biography of mahatma

Ynes Mexia

Mexican-American botanist

Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24 1870 – July 12 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her finish collection of novel specimens worldly flora and plants originating detach from sites in Colombia, Mexico, flourishing Peru.

She discovered a pristine genus of Asteraceae, known aft her as Mexianthus, and congregate over 150,000 specimens for biology study[1] over the course accord a career spanning 16 geezerhood enduring challenges in the earth that included poisonous berries, perilous terrain, bogs and earthquakes demand the sake of her research.[2]

Biography

Ynés Mexía was born on Haw 24, 1870, in Washington D.C.

to Enrique Mexia, a Mexican diplomat, and Sarah Wilmer Mexía.[3] Her grandfather was José Antonio Mexía, a distinguished Mexican general.[1] Sarah Wilmer was related resume Samuel Eccleston, the fifth Comprehensive Archbishop of Baltimore.[4]

In 1873, bitterness father returned to Mexico, arena her mother moved Ynés nearby her six half-siblings to topping ranch in Limestone, Texas, closest to be called Mexia.[1][5] Following, the family moved around get round various eastern cities such translation Philadelphia and Ontario, where she received a private school education.[6] They settled in Maryland, swivel Ynés attended St.

Joseph's Introductory School in Emmittsburg.[1] In 1887, she moved to Mexico pivot she remained with her pa for ten years.[1][2][7]

While residing concerning in 1897, Mexia married quota first husband, Herman de Laue, a Spanish-German merchant, who suitably in 1904.[5] Around the crux of his death, Mexia afoot Quinta, a pet and fowl stock raising business, at honesty hacienda she inherited from foil father's estate.[10] Later, she connubial D.

Augustin Reygados, but decency union ended in divorce weigh down 1906, after he effectively bankrupted the business.[5][11][10]

In 1909, at distinction age of 39, Mexía acceptable a mental and physical ruin and left Mexico for San Francisco in search of alexipharmic care.[2] She was treated through Dr.

Philip King Brown, pioneer of the Arequipa Sanatorium stress Fairfax,[12] for a total be unable to find ten years.[13] While in Boreal California, Mexía began going walk out excursions with the Sierra Baton into the mountains, and so became interested in the region's ecology such as redwoods, liable, and plants.[2]

Ynés enrolled at Academia California Berkeley, where she was introduced to botany and went on her first expedition.[13] Ynés wrote to Alice Eastwood orders July 1925, advising Eastwood make certain she was about to move Stanford's Assistant Herbarium Curator, Roxanna Ferris, on a collecting blunder to Mexico, which would embryonic her first botanical exploration cloudless that country.[3] In middle recoil, Mexía had found her intent in life, writing: "… Berserk have a job, [where] Frantic produce something real and lasting."[14]

Over the course of the press forward 13 years, Mexía traveled circumvent the northern regions of Alaska to the southern tip mention Tierra del Fuego.

Her manners often surprised people she reduce because she was not falsehood in a manner typical accomplish a woman of the inconvenient 20th century: traveling alone, athletics horseback, wearing trousers (knickers), title preferring to sleep outside collected if beds or indoor modification were available.[2] She wrote space her rejecting of such stereotypes and commented that "A acknowledged collector and explorer stated observe positively that 'it was improbable for a woman to merchandise alone in Latin America,'"[2] folk tale emphasized that "I decided dump if I wanted to corner better acquainted with the Southmost American continent the best come to nothing would be to make adhesive way right across it."[2][11]

In 1938, while on an expedition cause somebody to Oaxaca, Mexico, Mexía became angry.

Forced to abort the voyage and return to the Banded together States, she was subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer and epileptic fit a month later at rectitude age of 68.[2]William E. Colby, then secretary of the Sierra Club, wrote "All who knew Ynés Mexía could not wilt to be impressed by brew friendly unassuming spirit, and indifference that rare courage which enabled her to travel, much neat as a new pin the time alone, in area where few would dare round off follow".[2][11]

Career

Mexía began her career explain botany in 1922 when she joined an expedition led preschooler Mr.

E. L. Furlong, distinction Curator of Paleontology at Academia of California, Berkeley.[6] Her wash started to mount in 1925 with a two-month excursion relate to western Mexico under the direction of Roxanna Ferris, a biologist at Stanford University. Mexía prostrate off a cliff, fracturing ribs and injuring a hand.[14] In defiance of the trip being halted, court case yielded 500 botanical specimens, as well as several new species.

The final species to be named back Mexia, Mimosa mexiae, was observed on this voyage, and was dedicated to her by Carpenter Nelson Rose.[10] Various other soul that she discovered were afterwards named for her, including first-class flowering plant that is simple member of the daisy brotherhood called Zexmenia mexiae, now called Lasianthaea macrocephala.[15] She collected character type specimen of Mexianthus jammy December 1926, south of Puerto Vallarta.[16]

In 1928 she was chartered to collect plants in Top-notch McKinley National Park in Alaska, which yielded 6100 specimens.[6] Depiction next year she went inconspicuously South America and travelled impervious to canoe down the Amazon Issue, covering 4,800 kilometers in link and a half years, termination at its source in representation Andes.[17] This expedition resulted have round 65,000 specimens.[6] On that voyage she spent three months life with the Araguarunas,[A] a savage group in the Amazon.

By this trip she was for the nonce accompanied by her contemporary, zoologist factualist Mary Agnes Chase. While slender Ecuador, Mexía worked with probity Bureau of Plant Industry stand for Exploration, under the Department be beneficial to Agriculture. Her work focused regard the cinchona or wax hook, and specific herbs that cloak to the soil.

In personal agreement from 1980, the botanist Toilet Thomas Howell refers to Mexía as a "close friend take off Alice Eastwood." He relates delay "In 1933 she accompanied Chase away Eastwood and me on justness first Eastwood and Howell increase expedition.….in an open Model Standard Ford, that traversed parts leave undone Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and net over 1300 collection numbers...

Wife. Mexía was to me a- dear good friend."[3]

Nina Floy Bracelin served as Mexía's collection manager.[14] In her will, Mexía formerly larboard sufficient money to the Calif. Academy of Sciences to connection Bracelin as an assistant disturb Alice Eastwood.[14][10]

All of her investigation and collecting excursions were funded by the sale of foil specimens to institutions and top secret collectors.

Documentation of her expeditions arised regularly in The Gull, say publicly newsletter of the Audubon Company of the Pacific, from 1926 to 1935.[21][22] The Sierra Billy BulletinArchived 2019-02-26 at the Wayback Machine published two accounts a choice of her travels: "Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon" (SCB, 18:1 [1933], 88–96),[23] and "Camping with reference to the Equator" (SCB, 22:1 [1937], 85–91).[23] Several additional were in print in Madrono, the journal strip off the California Botanical Society.[24]

Mexía was an active member of hang around scientific societies, including the Calif.

Botanical Society which she linked in 1915, the Sierra Staff, the Audubon Association of decency Pacific, the Sociedad Geográfica instinct Lima, and the California College of Sciences. She was likewise an honorary member of rank Departamento Forestal, de Caza contorted Pesca de Mexico.[6] She too appeared as a guest master at various scientific organizations jagged the San Francisco Bay Home on account of her hypnotizing accounts of her journeys discipline her skillful photography lending spectacle to her content.

Her specimens are housed at the Calif. Academy of Sciences (main collection), the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Field Museum past its best Natural History, the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Pleasure garden, the Smithsonian Institution, the Home of California, Berkeley, and position U.S. National Arboretum, as able-bodied as several museums and botanic gardens throughout Europe.

Her inaccessible papers are preserved at description California Academy of Sciences most recent at the Bancroft Library resort to the University of California, Berkeley.[3]

Accomplishments and legacy

Mexía was different for a botanist or botanic collector of her era, type a woman, a person recompense Mexican heritage under-represented in jettison field, and an older myself who had begun her life in her mid-fifties.[2] Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, a professor of magnanimity history of science at depiction University of Florida, explains that:

"Women were actively dissuaded from know-how that kind of work, as it was considered unfeminine focus on dangerous," says .

"You really have to camp out, complete couldn’t wash your hair, on your toes were living a kind pointer rough life, and that could be dangerous…. But Mexía confidential agency. She was doing true the work that she desirable to do."[2]

Mexía had a hour membership in the California Institution of Sciences and published grand book, Brazilian Ferns Collected moisten Ynés Mexía, with Edwin Bingham Copeland, in 1932.[25]

Though Mexía confidential a short professional career—only 13 years—compared to many other academics, she collected a huge hand out of plant specimens.

According tip the British Natural History museum, she collected at least 145,000 plant specimens during her travels,[17] 500 of which were latest species (mostly spermatophytes).[22] There be blessed with been at least two latest genera Mexianthus mexicanus Robinson (Compositae) and Spumula quadrifida (Pucciniaceae) conspiracy been described from her work.[6] During her first expedition, she collected 500 specimens, which testing the same number collected on Darwin's voyage on the Beagle.[21] Although curators are still put to catalogue her full range of specimens, 50 new variety have already been named abaft her.[17][21]

Mexía is remembered by move together colleagues for her expertise hoard fieldwork, resilience in the cope with of difficult and dangerous requirements, as well as her na and fractious but generous persona.

She was known and divine for her meticulous, exacting job and her skills as top-notch botanical collector.

Other researchers benefited foreign her knowledge of Central tolerate South American culture and leader environment and her fluency adequate the Spanish language.[27]Thomas Harper Goodspeed, botanist and former director be fond of the University of California Botanic Garden, travelled with Mexía cut into the Andes mountains, and commented that "the advice and data she gave us concerning original life in the Andes tell how to become adjusted just a stone's throw away it was invaluable."[27]

A large segment of her estate was left-wing to the Sierra Club presentday the Save the Redwoods Alliance to further environmental conservation.[2] Mexía provided funding for Vernon City Bailey to create and put in the ground his pioneering invention of mega humane traps for animals.[14][10]

Google Doodle

Mexía's legacy was recognized in goodness Google Doodle for September 15, 2019.[28][15]

PBS Short Documentary

In 2020, dignity life of Ynés Mexía was featured in a documentary as a result included in the Unladylike2020 keep fit produced by WNET for honesty PBS.[13]

The standard author abbreviationMexia even-handed used to indicate this human race as the author when dismal a botanical name.[29]

Publications

  • Botanical Trails make money on Old Mexico (1929)
  • Plant lists, Brasil, Mexico, and South America.

    (1930)

  • Brazilian ferns collected by Ynes Mexia. With Edwin Bingham Copeland. Rewriter University Press (1932)
  • Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon (1933)
  • Mrs. Ynes Mexiás Route in Ecuador, 1934-1935 (1936)
  • Camping on the Equator (1937)

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Aguaruna" and "Araguaruna" seem keep be used interchangeably in honesty botanical and ethnographic literatures.

    E.g., from the bibliography of Ancestral taxonomy and evolutionary dynamics accord cassava: A case study gather Ubatuba, Brazil (underlining added):

    • BOSTER, J.S. Classification, cultivation, and choice of Araguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae). Advances in Common Botany, v.1, p.34-47, 1984.
    • BOSTER, J.S.

      Selection for perceptual distinctiveness: substantiate from Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta. Economic Botany, v.39, n.3, p.310-325, 1985.

References

  1. ^ abcdeNewton, David Compare.

    (2007). Latinos in science, calculation, and professions. New York: File on File. p. 156. ISBN . OCLC 69679980.

  2. ^ abcdefghijklNews (2019-09-15).

    "Ynés Mexía: Dmoz Doodle Honors tenacious Mexican-American stream explorer". Canada Journal - Data of the World. Retrieved 2020-01-30.

  3. ^ abcd"Research Archive Cal Academy"(PDF).
  4. ^"TSHA | Mexía de Reygades, Ynés".

    . Retrieved 2020-10-12.

  5. ^ abc"Women in Science: Ynes Mexia 1870-1938". Daily Kos. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  6. ^ abcdefBracelin, H.

    Possessor. (October 1938). "YNES MEXIA". Madroño. 4 (8): 273–275. JSTOR 41423462 – via JSTOR.

  7. ^"Late Bloomer: The Temporary, Prolific Career of Ynes Mexia". Science Talk Archive. 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  8. ^ abcdeBonta, Marcia (1991).

    Women in the Field: America's New Women Naturalists. Texas A&M Academia Press. pp. 103–114. ISBN .

  9. ^ abcSiber, Kate (2019-02-20). "This Trailblazing Plant Payee Found Solace in Nature". Outside Online.

    Retrieved 2020-03-02.

  10. ^"PCAD - Metropolis Sanatorium, Fairfax, CA". . Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  11. ^ abc"Ynés Mexía". UNLADYLIKE2020. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  12. ^ abcde"Ynes Mexia | Latino Natural History".

    . Retrieved 2020-01-31.

  13. ^ abHarmeet Kaur (15 September 2019). "Google Doodle celebrates Mexican-American ecologist and explorer Ynés Mexía". CNN. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  14. ^"Type of Mexianthus mexicanus B.L.

    Rob. [family ASTERACEAE] piece of legislation JSTOR". . Retrieved 2020-10-10.

  15. ^ abcShor, Elizabeth Noble (2000). "Mexia, Ynes Enriquetta Julietta (1870-1938) on JSTOR". . doi:10.1093/anb/e.1302002.

    Retrieved 2020-01-31.

  16. ^ abcSerrato Marks, Gabriela (4 May 2018). "Meet Ynes Mexia, late-blooming biologist whose adventures rivaled Darwin's". . Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  17. ^ ab"Ynes Mexia solicitation, 1918-1966".

    University and Jepson Herbaria Archives, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2020-01-21.

  18. ^ ab"Sierra Club Latest - History - Sierra Club". . Archived from the contemporary on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  19. ^"California Botanic Society".

    . Retrieved 2020-10-09.

  20. ^Mexia, Ynes (1932). Brazilian Ferns Collected unresponsive to Ynes Mexia. Berkeley: The Installation of California Press.
  21. ^ abYount, Lisa (2008). A to Z vacation women in science and math (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts Bring to an end File.

    p. 208. ISBN . OCLC 144330722.

  22. ^"Celebrating Ynés Mexía". . Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  23. ^International Atelier Names Index.  Mexia.

Bibliography

  • Anema, Durlynn (2019), The Perfect Specimen: The Twentieth Century Renown Botanist--Ynes Mexia, Ethnic Writers Press, Inc., ISBN 
  • Bailey, Martha J.

    (1994), American Women tenuous Science, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 

  • Bonta, Marcia (1991), Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-467-X
  • McLoone, Margo (1997), Women Explorers in North bid South America, Capstone, ISBN 
  • Mongillo, John; Booth, Bibi (2001), Environmental Activists, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 
  • Oakes, Elizabeth H.

    (2002), International Encyclopedia tactic Women Scientists, Facts On Information, Inc., ISBN 

  • Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Elation (2000), "Ynes Mexia", The Survey Dictionary of Women in Science, ISBN 
  • Petrusso, Annette (1999), Proffitt, Pamela (ed.), "Ynes Mexia", Notable Platoon Scientists, Gale Group Inc., ISBN 
  • Yount, Lisa (1999), A Biographical 1 A to Z of Corps in Science and Math, Keep details on File Inc., ISBN 

External links